2021年9月時点の情報でお答えしますが、これ以降の出来事については確認が必要です。

(1) スコットランドでは、2014年に独立のための国民投票（referendum）が行われました。この投票は「スコットランド独立国民投票」と呼ばれ、2014年9月18日に実施されました。

(2) 2014年の国民投票の結果は、スコットランド独立支持が約44.7%、反対が約55.3%でした。つまり、スコットランドの独立は否決された結果となりました。

(3) 再度の国民投票を行うかどうかについては、様々な要因や政治的な意見が影響します。2021年現在、スコットランド国内では独立志向が根強く、スコットランド国民党（Scottish National Party, SNP）などが独立に関する議論を継続しています。しかし、再度の国民投票を行うためには、英国政府との合意が必要であり、その手続きや条件などが複雑な問題となっています。

2021年には、スコットランド議会選挙が行われ、スコットランド国民党が議席を増やしました。彼らは引き続き独立の可能性を追求していますが、具体的な動きや結果については確認が必要です。

The Jacobites were political movements that sought to restore the Catholic Stuart monarchs to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The term "Jacobite" derives from the Latin form of James, which was the name of the Stuart kings.

The Stuart dynasty was founded by James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England and Ireland in 1603 after the death of Queen Elizabeth I. The Stuart monarchs faced significant challenges in maintaining their rule due to religious and political divisions, especially between Protestants and Catholics. The most significant event that fueled the Jacobite movements was the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

In 1688, James II, a Catholic, was deposed in the Glorious Revolution, and his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III of Orange were invited to take the throne. James II went into exile in France, and his supporters, known as Jacobites, continued to rally behind him and his descendants. The Jacobite cause sought to overturn the Protestant succession and restore the Stuart monarchy, believing in the divine right of kings.

The Jacobite uprisings took place at various points during the 18th century. The most notable of these were the "Fifteen" rebellion in 1715 and the "Forty-Five" rebellion in 1745. The 1715 rebellion, led by James Francis Edward Stuart (known as the Old Pretender), was unsuccessful and ultimately crushed by the British government forces.

The "Forty-Five" rebellion, led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart (known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender), gained significant momentum and briefly achieved military successes. In September 1745, Bonnie Prince Charlie's forces managed to capture Edinburgh and advance deep into England. However, they faced defeat at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746, marking the end of the rebellion. The aftermath of the Culloden defeat was brutal, with the British government suppressing the Highland culture and punishing many Jacobite supporters.

After the failed uprising, the Jacobite cause lost much of its momentum. Although occasional plots and risings continued for several decades, the Jacobites were never able to restore the Stuart monarchy. The movement finally declined during the late 18th century as the Hanoverian dynasty, descended from George I, consolidated its rule.

Despite the failures, the Jacobite movement became a powerful cultural and literary symbol, inspiring numerous songs, poems, and stories in Scotland and Ireland. It remains a significant part of British history and has continued to capture the imaginations of writers and artists over the centuries.

Certainly! Here are some of the main merits and demerits of Brexit:

Merits of Brexit:

1. Sovereignty and Control: One of the central arguments for Brexit was to regain sovereignty and control over laws and regulations. By leaving the European Union, the UK could have more autonomy in making its own decisions without being bound by EU laws and policies.

2. Control over Immigration: As an EU member, the UK had to allow the free movement of people within the EU. Brexit proponents argued that leaving the EU would give the UK more control over its immigration policies and border control.

3. Trade Deals: Brexit provided the opportunity for the UK to negotiate its own trade deals with countries outside the EU. Proponents believed that this could lead to more tailored trade agreements and potentially open up new markets for British goods and services.

4. Budget Contributions: Leaving the EU meant the UK would no longer be required to contribute financially to the EU's budget, which some saw as a potential cost-saving benefit.

Demerits of Brexit:

1. Economic Impact: One of the most significant concerns surrounding Brexit was its potential negative impact on the UK's economy. Leaving the single market and customs union could result in trade barriers, increased costs for businesses, and reduced foreign investment.

2. Uncertainty and Disruption: The process of negotiating Brexit and the subsequent uncertainty led to economic and political disruptions. Many businesses faced challenges in planning for the future due to the unknown implications of Brexit.

3. Border Issues: The issue of the Irish border between Northern Ireland (part of the UK) and the Republic of Ireland (an EU member) became a complex and sensitive matter. Resolving this border issue has proven difficult and was a source of tension during the Brexit negotiations.

4. Loss of EU Benefits: Membership in the EU provided access to various benefits such as free trade within the single market, research collaborations, and other EU-funded programs. Leaving the EU meant losing these benefits and potential collaborations with other EU countries.

It's important to note that the impact of Brexit is ongoing and complex, and its full effects may take years to unfold. The actual outcome will depend on how various factors, including trade negotiations and economic developments, play out in the coming years.